Experiencing pain after surgery is normal and is often due to inflammation in the part of the body where surgery occurred. ​This type of pain is called acute post-surgical pain and is short-term, generally less than three months.​ However, 5-10% of patients who undergo major surgery develop chronic post-surgical pain, which is pain that persists past the normal healing process (generally longer than three months).   

Fibromyalgia is a lifelong condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain. The pain may vary with time, move around the body, or change in intensity.

Sickle cell disease is an inherited condition that changes the shape of red blood cells. Instead of being soft and round like healthy cells—which allows them to travel smoothly through blood vessels and carry oxygen—these cells become stiff and crescent-shaped when oxygen levels drop. This happens because a protein inside the cells, called hemoglobin S, clumps together and forms rigid structures. The misshapen cells can block small blood vessels, slowing or stopping blood flow and limiting oxygen delivery to tissues. As a result, people with sickle cell disease may experience episodes of pain, fatigue, and organ damage.

Most episodes of pain can’t be predicted. But sometimes, pain may be triggered by things like infections, dehydration, cold or windy weather, or traveling to places at high altitudes.

Sickle cell disease is more common in people of African, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern backgrounds.

Blood transfusions may be used to treat anemia and reduce stroke risk. Pain crises are managed with medications, including pain medicines, hydration, and supportive therapies (e.g., heat, rest). If chronic pain develops, different medications can be used along with physical and psychological therapies. Regular check-ups, hydration, nutrition, and sleep are all important components of sickle cell disease management.